Parasitology & Infectious Diseases

Parasitology is the study of parasitism. Similarly it arise in all animal species and they have an intense effect on the health of people. It involves in topics like morphology biology, life-cycles, biochemistry, pathogenesis, epidemiology, ecology, physiology, genetics and molecular biology as well as the diagnosis, immunology and treatment of infections.

Three major groups of parasites are:

A parasitic infectious disease is a disease which is caused by a parasite. It   can affect practically all living organisms, including mammals and plants.  Anatomic pathologist plays a key role in diagnosis and exclusion of infectious diseases.

Following are the causes for parasitic infectious diseases:

Molecular biology plays a key role in formations of various parts of cells and regulations, which is used to efficiently target diagnose disease, new drugs and the physiology of the cell. The obtainability of the parasites to different genetic manipulations has converted them in cell systems and molecular biology studies which directs to the understanding of basic biological processes, evolution and pathogenesis.

Some of the symptoms for parasitology are:

Parasitic Infection can be spread through contaminated water, waste, soil, food, and blood. It can be affected by having compromised immune system or suffering with another illness. These parasitic infections can be spread through many ways. For example, number of ways like blood test, fecal exam, endoscopy or colonoscopy, X-rays and through MRI test.

Symptoms of Parasitic Infection are:

Neglected Parasitic infections (NPIs) are group of parasitic infections which are common in low income populations and inaccessibility of primary health care services. Diagnosis of these parasitic infections requires reagents, well established labs and advance diagnostic methods. There are salient achievements related to diminish in number of new cases of certain disease including  Lymphatic filariosis (LF), Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), Oncocersiasis by implementation of proper control strategies including preventive chemotherapy, veterinary public health services and provision of safe water, sanitation and hygiene.

Common symptoms of NPIS are:

An airborne disease is caused by pathogens and transferred through the air. These diseases are spread when droplets of pathogens are expelled into the air due to sneezing, coughing or talking. Many of the infections can spread by airborne transmission are influenza, tuberculosis, small pox. Vectors are organisms that transfer parasites and pathogens from one infected person to another, causing serious diseases in human populations. These diseases are regularly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Vector-borne diseases are chikungunya, dengue, malaria etc. Contact infectious diseases are of two types: direct and indirect. Direct contact transmission arises when there is physical contact between susceptible person and an infected person. Indirect contact transmission arises when there is no direct human-to-human contact.

General signs of infectious diseases include:

Ticks are a major group of arthropod vectors distinguish by the diversity of pathogens they transmit, by their impact on animal and human health. Tick-borne diseases are commonly occured in both the veterinary, clinical and medical settings. Generally Tick Borne Diseases are spread by bites from infected ticks and can be caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria.

Some of the diseases transmitted by ticks are:

Bacterial infections are categorized by the causative agent as well as the symptoms and medical signs produced. The viral and bacterial infections have similar symptoms and it is difficult to diagnose the type of the infection. Bacteria that cause the infections are known as Pathogenic bacteria. This bacterium contributes to different diseases like food borne illness and pneumonia. They are conditionally pathogenic under certain conditions like wound or decrease in immune infections. Therefore, bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics.

 Bacterial infections include:

Emerging infectious diseases are infections that have recently emerged within a population or threatens to increase in the near future or by increasing rapidly  in the given geographic range. These infections are caused by previously undetected or by unknown infectious agents, known agents that have spread to new geographic locations or new populations and also by previously known agents whose role in specific diseases.

Some of the emerging infectious diseases are:

Microbial pathogenesis is the capability of microbes, or their components, to cause infection in a host aftdeveloping a complex mode of interconnection from both hosts and pathogens. Microbial pathogenic processes of infection including invasion, mechanisms for colonisation and damage to host tissue. The way in which your immune system acknowledges and destroys invading microbes.

Parasitic helminthes, accommodate multiple group of metazoan organisms that infect billions of people and domesticated animals. Most of the parasites are having ongoing contact with their immune system, generate a prolific immune response. Most of the parasitic worms have complex multistage life cycles that involve several hosts. Parasitic worms have the ability to reduce certain immune system cells. The immune reaction may be pathogenic by including immunologically mediated fibrosis, or circulating immune complexes, hypersensitivity.

Vaccination induces an antibody response and stimulates T lymphocytes. Vaccine effectiveness is evaluates in terms of percentage of recipients protected and the span and degree of protection. Most effective viral vaccines protect more than 90 percent of recipients and produce strong immunity. Many vaccines are initially intended to prevent disease and do not necessarily protect against infection. Some vaccines protect against infection infection as well.

The control of parasitic infection on humans has undertaken since aetiology and natural history of the infections was acknowledge and the harmful effects on human health. However, some parasitic infections such as malaria proved that it is difficult to control. The approaches to control provide clinical treatment to sick patient, to control the transmission within the community by preventative chemotherapy and vector control are outlined.

Environmental health policy refers to impact of the environment on human health. Policies are constructed by the governments and organizations where they can see the issues arising in the health of their jurisdiction related to the environment. There are various environmental factors that can contribute to health including climate change, air quality, toxic drinking water, and toxic chemical exposure.  Some diseases are affected by the environment on health can include malaria, asthma, cancer, cholera disease and physical injury.